Global Atmospheric Circulation and Related Effects

Solar radiation warms the air over the equator, causing it to rise. The rising air then proceeds south and north toward the poles. From approximately 20Â ° to 30Â ° North and South latitude, the air sinks. Then, the air flows along the surface of the earth back toward the equator. Doldrums Sailors noticed the stillness of the rising (and not blowing) air near the equator and gave the region the depressing name doldrums. The doldrums, usually located between 5Â ° north and 5Â ° south of the equator, are also known as the Intertropical Convergence Zone or ITCZ for short. The trade winds converge in the region of the ITCZ, producing convectional storms that produce some of the worlds heaviest precipitation regions. The ITCZ moves north and south of the equator depending on the season and solar energy received. The location of the ITCZ can vary as much as 40Â ° to 45Â ° of latitude north or south of the equator based on the pattern of land and ocean. The Intertropical Convergence Zone is also known as the Equatorial Convergence Zone or Intertropical Front. Horse Latitudes Between about 30Â ° to 35Â ° north and 30Â ° to 35Â ° south of the equator lies the region known as the horse latitudes or the subtropical high. This region of subsiding dry air and high pressure results in weak winds. Tradition states that sailors gave the region of the subtropical high the name horse latitudes because ships relying on wind power stalled; fearful of running out of food and water, sailors threw their horses and cattle overboard to save on provisions. (Its a puzzle why sailors would not have eaten the animals instead of throwing them overboard.) The Oxford English Dictionary claims the origin of the term uncertain. Major deserts of the world, such as the Sahara and the Great Australian Desert, lie under the high pressure of the horse latitudes. The region is also known as the Calms of Cancer in the northern hemisphere and the Calms of Capricorn in the southern hemisphere. Trade Winds Blowing from the subtropical highs or horse latitudes toward the low pressure of the ITCZ are the trade winds. Named from their ability to quickly propel trading ships across the ocean, the trade winds between about 30Â ° latitude and the equator are steady and blow about 11 to 13 miles per hour. In the Northern Hemisphere, the trade winds blow from the northeast and are known as the Northeast Trade Winds; in the Southern Hemisphere, the winds blow from the southeast and are called the Southeast Trade Winds.

Tok Essay Ways of Knowing - 826 Words

Tok Essay Ways Of Knowing Using one way of knowing is not enough if you want to determine if something is true or if something is believed to be true. The different ways of knowing are sense perception, reasoning, emotion and memory. Plato once stated that knowledge is â€Å"Justified true belief† which just goes to show that in order to obtain knowledge, we need to know certain thing as a fact, not belief. When we believe something is true, we do not know it for certain. We just have faith in the fact that it is true. To test if our beliefs are real and true, we can use the different ways of knowing to confirm or abolish our beliefs. However these ways of knowing each have their own advantages and disadvantages. Sense perception is†¦show more content†¦Another part of reasoning is proportion. Putting something in proportion gives us a more accurate view of something we are trying to find out. However, this can make reasoning fallible because external forces can influence it. Emotion is a very flawed way to make the distinction between belief and truth. This is because things that influence us very easily mislead our emotions and so we cannot determine a truth by only using our emotion. For instance some person that loves to play video games might start to dislike it because he keeps losing. The more times he loses the more upset he gets and the more he starts to dislike the game. Pretty soon he might lose interest and start to dislike video games altogether. It is also very easy to cloud people’s judgment by playing on their emotions causing them to hold a false truth or belief. Memory is another fallible devise used to distinguish truth from belief. The older you get the harder it is to recall things set early on in your life, or even earlier that same day. This poses a very big problem because sometimes when you have to identify someone that you have only seen once, you could have major difficulties recalling their features. For instance, in a police investigation, the victims usually have to give an accurate description of the suspect. Speaking fromShow MoreRelatedTo what extent do ways of knowing prevent us from deluding ourselves? Justify your answer with reference to at least one area of knowledge1618 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿To what extent do ways of knowing prevent us from deluding ourselves? Justify your answer with reference to at least one area of knowledge Ways of knowing are the core of TOK for us to get knowledge in different Areas of Knowledge. The two key terms on this essay question are â€Å"ways of Knowing† and â€Å"deluding ourselves†. â€Å"Ways of knowing are how we acquire knowledge about the world around us, and figure out our relationship with it†. (IB Diploma Program, 31) Ways of Knowing help us to understandRead MoreWhat Is the Task of the Historian?966 Words   |  4 Pageswe would be without identity. 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Fantasy vs. Reality Free Essays

Fantasy vs. Reality Blanche is sufficiently self-aware to know that she cannot survive in the world as it is. Reality is too harsh, so she must somehow create illusions that will allow her to maintain her delicate, fragile hold on life. We will write a custom essay sample on Fantasy vs. Reality or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"A woman’s charm is fifty percent illusion† (scene 2) she acknowledges to Stanley. Later in the story line when Mitch wants to switch the light on so that he can get a realistic look at her, she tells him that she does not want realism, she wants magic. When Mitch turns on the light during that scene it reveals much more to the audience than just what she really looks like, but it shows that all this time she has been living her life in the dark, hiding herself in the murky shadows of her promiscuity. Her ultimate goal was to manipulate reality until her fantasy becomes reality. She wants life to be lived in a permanent romantic glow, like the light that lit up the entire worlds when she first fell in love. But in this play, reality dominates. The realism of the setting, with its down-to-earth characters and the sounds of the busy life of this corner of New Orleans, suggests that Blanche’s illusions are not going to be sufficient. The fact that Blanche is probably aware of this too is what wins her the sympathy of the audience. Eventually, her thin hold on reality disappears altogether and she takes refuge in an illusory world in which she is about to go on a trip with her imaginary rich beau. The more desperate Blanche becomes in her loneliness, the more deeply she digs herself into an alternate reality, where she is the author of her own demise. Fantasy can be a hard mind set to overcome for most people. The more a person repeats a lie—the more that person starts to believe it is reality. This is one of many themes that can be related to everyday life. How to cite Fantasy vs. Reality, Papers

NSAs invasion of privacy free essay sample

Whether it is calling someone on your phone or online shopping on the computer, people are more connected than ever to the internet. However, a person might be oblivious to the fact that they are being watched using these technologies. The NSA (National Security Agency) is an intelligence organization for the U. S. to protect information systems and foreign intelligence information. Recently the NSA has been accused of invading personal privacy through web encryption, tracking, and using personal information for their own uses and without permission. The surveillance of the NSA produces unlawful invasion of privacy causing an unsecure nation. The NSA surveillance executed an unlawful invasion of privacy through tracking. They were caught tracking people’s cellphones, but the information gathered was supposedly never used. They have no right to track people’s cellphones because it is considered an invasion of privacy. According to Wyden the NSA is quite secretive about the collection of tracked cell data. â€Å"†¦the intelligence leadership has decided to leave most of the real story secret-even when the truth would not compromise national security† (qtd. in â€Å"NSA Chief says†). The NSA is keeping information from people which create a less secure nation. This clarifies that the NSA is hiding more than just the information on the tracked cellphones. McDonald described the NSA’s surveillance as, â€Å"It’s like peekaboo, right? You have an entire world watching you and you just don’t know it† (qtd. in Chuang). She describes what it is like to be under NSA surveillance and not know anything about it. McDonald clarifies that by having the NSA track a person they are invading their privacy. This demonstrates that the NSA can track a person at any given time to see what they’re doing and the person could be clueless about it. The author states that, â€Å"The Times reported that the NSA was exploiting huge collections of personal data to create sophisticated graphs of some Americans’ social connections. The newspaper said the private data included Facebook posts and banking, flight, GPS location and voting records. † (â€Å"NSA Chief says†). This implies that the NSA unlawfully tracked people using private data for exploiting. The NSA exploited many sources in order to attain information for their own use. They gave out information unlawfully that people could have been able to track the person. Nevertheless, tracking is acceptable if they track someone who is threatening the nation, however all information gathered must be reported. In summation, the NSA should be accused of unlawfully tracking because it is not only an invasion of privacy, but it also makes the nation unsecure by keeping information, tracking and exploiting. The NSA executed an unlawful invasion of privacy by utilizing personal information. In an article named â€Å"What the NSA might have wanted to learn from tracking your phone,† it states that the NSA did a series of experiments in 2010 and 2011, which gathered location and social network data. This proves that while they were â€Å"experimenting† they still gathered data unlawfully. The experimenting of the NSA determines that citizens do not know what their information is being used for and are making people feel less secure. It is wrong for the NSA to distribute personal information. â€Å"On a mission to detect untrustworthy employees, nearly 30 government agencies collected and shared personal information of thousands of Americans, many of whom had no ties to the federal government† (qtd. in Kastrenakes). Americans were tracked even when they had done no harm to the federal government. This justifies that they are invading the privacy of those who have done no harm by distributing their personal information without them knowing. Their personal information was shared to the unknown who could have invaded the person’s security. NSA has been able to gather private information such as a person’s address, phone number, family members, and even their social security number. Tracking online can have a positive outcome. Many companies have gathered personal information online to target ads with the user’s preferences, but tracking can allow companies to find out your credit card number, where you live and your interests. Hence, the NSA should be incriminated for utilizing personal information that can endanger a person’s security by using information from social networks, experimenting and distributing information. The NSA performed an unlawful invasion of privacy by using web encryption. Technologist, Christopher Soghoian, states that the NSA used supercomputers to gain access to encryption that provides online privacy and security. â€Å"The encryption technologies that the NSA has exploited to enable its secret dragnet surveillance are the same technologies that protect our most sensitive information, including medical records, financial transactions and commercial secrets† (qtd. in Winter). Christopher’s explanation of the encryption technologies describes how anyone could be affected by this surveillance. This is considered unlawful because the NSA hacked technologies that protect our private information. This affects the security of the nation knowing that it is possible for someone to gain access to information that people have once though were private to them. This is not the first time that the NSA has tried to gain access to private information. In fact, â€Å"For the past decade, NSA has led an aggressive multipronged effort to break widely used internet encryption technologies† (Winter). The NSA has put an enormous amount of effort into hacking web encryption. The NSA has desired to have access to an individual’s personal information. This clarifies that the NSA had always had the intention to hack web encryption and have been planning this for a while. This questions if they are purposely hacking in order to have control of the internet. Encryption not only affects Americans, but it also affects the nation as a whole. â€Å"Experts and critics say that while ‘back doors’ may help intelligence gathering, they weaken the Web’s overall security and trust, and could be used against Americans† (Winter). The author refutes the idea that web encryption can help intelligence gathering. By creating â€Å"back doors† the NSA is making the nation unsecure by creating an easier access for foreign countries to gain information. Forming â€Å"back doors† loosens the nation’s web security because it allows foreign countries to easily hack the nation’s internet and acquire information that could be used against the U. S. The plus side to using web encryption is that it helps intelligence gathering and helps detect threats toward the nation and foreign espionage. Even though it may create â€Å"back doors† to the internet which spies could have access to, they can easily fix that since they are in charge of protecting U. S. information and tracking the foreign intelligence information. In summation, the NSA should be accused of web encryption because not only does it invade an American’s privacy, but it also makes the internet unsecure by exposing Americans to criminal hacking, unlawful surveillance, and communications against the United States. The examination of the NSA produced an unlawful invasion of personal privacy creating an unsecure nation. This issue is significant because the nation should be aware of how corrupted the government is that they unlawfully track citizen’s personal information which creates a less secure nation and a less reliable government. The NSA should be accused of invading personal privacy through web encryption, tracking, and using personal information for their own uses and without permission. The unlawful surveillance should be stopped in order to protect the citizen’s security. â€Å"We are outraged at the lengths to which the government seems to have gone to intercept data from our private fiber networks, and it underscores the need for urgent reform.